martes, 31 de julio de 2018

REAPEATED ND DOBLE COMPARATIVES


REAPEATED ND DOBLE COMPARATIVES

En inglés existen los llamados repeated comparatives o comparativos repetidos. Se trata de una estructura que usamos para indicar que algo está cambiando (aumentando o disminuyendo). Veamos cómo se forman. 

AUMENTO
Se usan dos estructuras para indicar que algo aumenta: .... er and ..... er  y  more and more ..... que suelen aparecer con los verbos get y become.  

1) ... er and ....er (cada vez más / más y más) 
Se utiliza con los adjetivos / adverbios cortos que ya explicamos en el post adjetivos comparativos. Añadimos -er al adjetivo para formar el adjetivo comparativo, a continuación la conjunción and y después, repetimos de nuevo el adjetivo comparativo → bigger and bigger, fatter and fatter, faster and faster

I'm getting older and older (cada vez me hago más mayor, me hago más y más mayor) 
Laptops are becoming cheaper and cheaper (los portátiles son cada vez más baratos, los portátiles se están volviendo más y más baratos) 
We are getting closer and closer (cada vez estamos más cerca)

2) more and more .... (cada vez más / más y más) 
Esta estructura se utiliza con:

Adjetivos largos o con adverbios. Basta con escribir more and more y añadir a continuación el adjetivo o el adverbio → more and more beautiful, more and more exciting

The situation is becoming more and more difficult (la situación cada vez se hace más difícil) 
Smartphones are getting more and more expensive (los teléfonos inteligentes son cada vez más caros)
We are going more and more slowly (cada vez vamos más lentos). 

Sustantivos (tanto contables como incontables). Basta con escribir more and more y añadir a continuación el sustantivo → more and more books, more and more children

(contable) More and more children use tablets in schools (cada vez son más los niños que usan tablets en el colegio)
(incontable) We waste more and more money on things we don't need (cada día gastamos más dinero en cosas que no necesitamos)

DESCENSO
Para indicar que algo disminuye podemos usar las estructuras: less and less.... y fewer and fewer...
1) less and less... (cada vez menos, menos y menos) 
Se utiliza con adjetivos y sustantivos incontables. Basta con añadir el adjetivo o sustantivo incontable tras la expresión less and less. 

As you get older, you become less and less flexible (a medida que te haces mayor, te vuelves menos y menos flexible / a medida que te haces mayor, pierdes flexibilidad) 

She needs less and less money everyday (ella cada día necesita menos dinero)
I have less and less time to cook (cada vez tengo menos tiempo para cocinar) 

También podemos usarlo con verbos como dice la canción de Kaiser Chiefs: Everyday I love you less and less (cada día te quiero menos) 

2) fewer and fewer... (cada vez menos, menos y menos) 
Se utiliza con sustantivos contables. 

verbs with stative and dynamic uses


VERDS WITH STATIVE AND DYNAMIC USES



Fihat do the words "dynamic" and "stative" mean?  

They aren't very common words in everyday English, but they are grammar terms you will need to know to understand this subject. 


Dynamic


"Dynamic" is an adjective which means something is moving or changing. 

In English grammar a "dynamic verb" means that the verb describes an action rather than a state. Dynamic verbs are sometimes known as "action verbs."


"Joe is chasing the bus."

"Joe is chasing the bus."

Stative

"Stative" is an adjective which describes something as having a state, or existing (this is a very uncommon adjective). 

In English grammar a "stative verb" means that the verb describes a staterather than an action.

Stative verbs are sometimes known as "state verbs." 

"Kevin wants some ice-cream."

"Kevin wants some ice-cream."

So now you know the meaning of the terms, let's look at some examples!

First, here is a list of some dynamic verbs. You can see that they are all used to describe an action, change, or process. Most of them are used to describe an activity which has a start and an end. 
Examples of dynamic verbs:
  • eat
  • walk
  • learn
  • grow
  • sleep
  • talk
  • write
  • run
  • read
  • become
  • go
These words can all be used in the progressive form. 

Example sentences with dynamic verbs:
  • "I can't talk right now, I'm eating dinner."
    Present progressive used to describe an action happening now.

  • "Sorry, I'm out of breath because I've been running."
    Present perfect progressive used to describe an action that started in the past, continued for some time and has results now.

  • "I didn't steal the necklace! I was sleeping when someone broke into the shop!"
    Past progressive used to talk about an action that was happening at a particular time in the past.
Here is a list of some of the stative verbs. Some of these describe relationships between things or people (for example, own) and some describe emotions or states of mind.
Examples of stative verbs:
  • love
  • hate
  • like
  • prefer
  • doubt
  • seem
  • know
  • own
  • understand
Here are some examples, showing that these words cannot be used in the progressive form.

Correct: "I like chocolate, but I prefer cake."
Incorrect: "I'm liking chocolate but I'm preferring cake."

Correct: "I don't understand you when you speak quickly."
Incorrect: "I'm not understanding you when you speak quickly."

There are also some verbs that can be either dynamic or stative, depending on their meaning and context in the sentence. I'm sure you know by now that there are many words in English that can have more than one meaning!
Examples of verbs that can be either dynamic or stative:
  • think
  • mind
  • have
  • smell
  • sound
Let's look at some examples of how these verbs are used differently.

Example sentences:
  • "I think it is wrong to hit children."
    Here, think is a stative verb. It means "to have an opinion" and it cannot be used in the progressive form in this case.



WOULD, USED TO, BE + ALWAYS + ING


WOULD, USED TO, BE + ALWAYS + ING 



F O R M 

Would ( always/never) + base form
Used to talk about habits or customs in the past.

(Always/ never) use to + base form 
Used to talk about habits or cuestioms in the past, or to express somethings that was true in the past, but is no longer true.

Be + always  + ing form (present or past progressive)
Used to talk about habits or customs in the present and past.

Examples

Anita would never remember to buy milk on her way home.

The wind always used to blow really hard in Hidalgo.

They are always laughing and joking 

She was always singing.


  Imagen relacionada Imagen relacionada

Exercise

Find the mistake in each sentences and write the correct sentence.

1. I used struggle with my sense of identity when I first arrived_________________
2. Jacquie would never to arrive in time for meetings_________________________
3. They are always try to meet new people.__________________________________


VIDEOS

jueves, 21 de junio de 2018

Separable and non separable phrasal verbs

Separable and non separable phrasal verbs


Separable ​Phrasal Verbs

Separable phrasal verbs can remain together when using an object that is a noun or noun phrase.
Examples:
  • He paid back the debt. OR He paid the debt back.
  • The company laid out quite a bit for research. OR The company laid quite a bit out for research.
Separable phrasal verbs MUST be separated when a pronoun is used:
Examples:
  • We ran it up by $50,000.
  • They bailed him out of the situation.
  • Frank paid it all back by the end of the month.

Non separable Phrasal Verbs

Non separable phrasal verbs always remain together. It makes no difference if a noun or pronoun is used.
Examples:
  • He scraped by on only $800 a month for two years. NOT He scraped it by for two years.
  • They splashed out on new office furniture. NOT They splashed it out.
Note: All phrasal verbs containing more than one particle are inseparable.
Example:
  • I've put up with the situation for more than two years.
Tip: If you are not sure whether a phrasal verb is separable or inseparable, ALWAYS use a noun or nouns phrase and DO NOT separate. In this manner, you will always be correct!

 . Run into

This phrasal verb means to meet someone by chance when you were not expecting to. The object (who we met) must always come at the end!

Examples:
  • This is such a big city! I'm always amazed when I run into someone I know on the street.
  • Melanie said she ran into Mrs. Dawson last week. Do you remember her? Our fifth grade English teacher!
  • I hope I run into Dr. Borelli at the conference. It would be really interesting to talk about his latest research.
A woman talking to a happy man


. Look after

This phrasal verb means to take care of. We often use it when we are talking about taking care of children or animals. We don't use it for objects or projects.

The people or pets we are taking care of must come at the end of the phrasal verb.

Examples:
  • Could you please look after my cat while I'm vacation? She's really no trouble.
  • Karen loves looking after her nephew in the afternoon while his father is at work.
  • Lisa and Matthew are going to look after the kids this weekend. They're going to have lots of fun!

Two adults with three happy children


. Run out of

We use this phrasal verb when we had something, but we have used it all, and now it is all gone.

Remember that the item we no longer have must go at the very end of this phrasal verb because it is inseparable.

Examples:
  • Oh no, it looks like we've run out of yogurt. What will I have for breakfast now?
  • We had to wait a whole hour with the new client until my boss finally arrived. It was terrible! Eventually I ran out of polite things to ask him.
  • Chet was having a lovely afternoon drive until he ran out of gas!
A happy man driving his car


. Put up with

This phrasal verb means to endure a person or situation that we don't like. We have to accept the person or situation although we don't enjoy it.

Again, the person or situation we find annoying or difficult must come after the preposition in this inseparable phrasal verb.

Examples:
  • I am so tired of putting up with my roommate's sister! She comes over every afternoon and plays loud music!
  • Sometimes we have to put up with difficult situations at work, but it's important not to get too stressed.
  • Alfred smokes outside so that his co-workers don't have to put up withthe smell of his cigarettes.


miércoles, 20 de junio de 2018

PAST-SIMPLE-PROGRESSIVE-PERFECT

Resultado de imagen para PAST 

Gramática: Epasado en inglés se expresa principalmente a través de distintos tiempos verbales como los son: past simple, past continuous, present perfect.

Uso: Aunque todos estos tiempos verbales hacen referencia al pasado, utilizar un tiempo u otro dependerá de si la acción ha terminado o no, cuál ha sido su duración y cuándo sucedieron con respecto a otras acciones.

Pasado simple en inglés (Past Simple)

  • Forma: Para construir el pasado simple en inglés, se añade –ed a la raíz del verbo si éste es regular y si es irregular como sabemos el verbo cambia completamente. Para formas negativas e interrogativas usamos el auxiliar did.

  • Uso: Se debe utilizar el pasado simple, para hablar de acciones que sucedieron en un momento concreto del pasado y que ya finalizaron. .

  • Ejemplo.
  • Yesterday, I sent an email to my boss. 
  • Ayer envié un email a mi jefe. La acción sucedió en el pasado y ya ha finalizado.

Pasado continuo en inglés (Past Continuous)

  • Forma: El pasado continuo se construye con la forma was/were + el verbo en ing.

  • Uso: El pasado continuo se utiliza para hablar de una acción que tuvo cierta duración en el pasado. Se usa principalmente en combinación con el pasado simple cuando se quiere hablar sobre algo que estaba sucediendo y fue interrumpido por otra acción.

  • Ejemplo.
  • Yesterday I was playing basketball when I fell and broke my leg. 
  • La acción de jugar al baloncesto fue interrumpida por otra acción, me caí y me rompí una pierna. 

Pasado perfecto en inglés 

(Past Perfect)

  • Forma: El pasado perfecto se forma con el auxiliar have en pasado, had + el participio pasado del verbo que corresponda.

  • Uso: El pasado perfecto se utiliza para hablar de acciones pasadas que sucedieron antes que otras acciones que tuvieron lugar también en el pasado.
  • Ejemplo.
  • The game had finished when I arrived home. 
  • La diferencia entre utilizar el pasado perfecto y el pasado simple en esta oración reside en el orden en el que tuvieron lugar las acciones.
  • Primero el partido finaliza después llega a casa. 





CHECA EL SIGUIENTE VIDEO





lunes, 21 de mayo de 2018

Should/Shouldn

Resultado de imagen para shouldShould





El segundo verbo modal es should. Es muy importante dominarlo, ya que es una de las palabras que más oirás y utilizarás en inglés.
Should se utiliza para recomendar hacer algo y para afirmar si nos parece que algo es como debería ser o no.

teoria

Como todos los verbos modales, should va acompañado del infinitivo del verbo principal sin to.
  • You should get some more sleep.
  • The world should be.
Para formar la negación se añade not después de should y, al contrario que en el caso de might, casi siempre se contrae en la forma negativa.
Te recordamos que los verbos modales no toman la s en la 3ª persona del singular ni adoptan una forma diferente en tiempos pasados ni se combinan con el auxiliar do en preguntas o negaciones.

 práctica

Pronuncia /shhhuud/ en las siguientes frases.
 Deberías hacer algo respecto a tu pelo, cariño.
 You should do something about your hair, darling.  
 En mi opinión, deberías ocuparte de ello ahora mismo.  
 I think you should see to it right now.
 Todo el mundo debería tener un sitio donde vivir.
 Everyone should have a place to live.

En estos ejemplos verás /shhhuudnt/, el sonido de la negación contraída.
 No deberías preocuparte tanto sobre lo que piensa la gente.
 You shouldn’t worry so much about what people think.
 No debería ver películas de miedo; me dan pesadillas.
 I shouldn’t watch horror films; they give me nightmares.
 Encontrar un trabajo decente no debería ser una misión imposible.  
 Finding a decent job shouldn’t have to be mission impossible.  

Fíjate en como empieza la primera pregunta: /shhhúdai/.
 ¿Debería quedarme o irme?
 Should I stay or should I go?
 ¿No debería (él) ir al médico?
 Shouldn’t he see a doctor?
 ¿Crees que debería sincerarme?  
 Do you think I should come clean?  


Extra

Clave de pronunciación

Cuando digas should, debería sonar a /shhhuud/. El sonido inicial es como si estuvieras mandando callar.

Error común

Aunque should y must significan deber en castellano, tienen sentidos muy distintos. Fíjate: A good student should study hard (Un buen alumno debe(ría) estudiar mucho) y A Vaughan student must study hard (Un alumno Vaughan debe estudiar mucho).

Consejo clave


Ten en cuenta que en estos artículos trabajarás los usos más comunes de inglés, y no explicaciones gramaticales exhaustivas. De esa forma, añadimos que también usamos should en frases tipo: That shouldn’t be a problem, en el sentido de que hay poca probabilidad de que eso sea un problema.


APOYO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=260nyXu5bWc


jueves, 19 de abril de 2018

NON- DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

NON- DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Defining relative clauses

We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about someone or something  information that we need in order to understand what or who is being referred to. A defining relative clause usually comes immediately after the noun it describes.
We usually use a relative pronoun (e.g. who, that, which, whose and whom) to introduce a defining relative clause (In the examples, the relative clause is in bold, and the person or thing being referred to is underlined.):
They’re the people who want to buy our house.
Here are some cells which have been affected.
They should give the money to somebody who they think needs the treatment most. 
She’s now playing a woman whose son was killed in the First World War.
Spoken English:
In defining relative clauses we often use that instead of who, whom or which. This is very common in informal speaking:
They’re the people that want to buy our house.
Here are some cells that have been affected.

REAPEATED ND DOBLE COMPARATIVES

REAPEATED ND DOBLE COMPARATIVES En inglés existen los llamados repeated comparatives o comparativos repetidos. Se trata de una estruct...